The lot which is used for proving some claims is one of the important rules of jurisprudence and law. It is used by legislators when making a law, religious jurists in deducing the legal rules, and judges in the legal procedure. However, there is a lot of ambiguity regarding this rule which requires a detailed research to make the nature of the lot clear and to answer the following questions: Is the lot a religious or a conventional rule? Are the mentioned instances in jurisprudence and also the made laws restricted or analogical? What are the conditions for the execution of the rule and who is right to execute it? Finally, what is its real place, when it contradicts with other arguments of proving a claim?

In this paper, an inventory model for two-stage supply chain is investigated. A supply chain with single vendor and single buyer is considered. We assume that shortage as a backorder is allowed for the buyer and the vendor makes the production set up every time the buyer places an order and supplies on a lot for lot basis. With these assumptions, the joint economic lot size model is introduced and the minimum joint total relevant cost and optimal order quantity and optimal shortage quantity are obtained for both the buyer and the vendor at the same time. Numerical example is given and then Sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effects of changes in the parameters on optimum joint total relevant cost and optimal order quantity and optimal shortage quantity.

In this paper, a two-stage stochastic capacitated lot-sizing problem with random demand, and service level constraints under static and static-dynamic uncertainty strategies is introduced. A static strategy determines the setup period and lot sizing at the beginning of planning period, whereas a static-dynamic strategy allows the lot size to be adjusted during the planning period. A new model formulation of the demand differential adjustment policy in a multi-stage production system is proposed. lot-sizing adjustments depend on the difference in demand between actual and expected demand. To quantify the economics of our uncertainty strategy for multi-level lot size the problems, the number of test instances with different parameter settings is evaluated. Computational experiments show that the additional costs of semifinished products, and the lack of storage capacity in the downstream processes reduce the potential for cost savings via multi-volume reform. Also a robust model is developed and as the robust model under study is NP-hard, it solved by a hybrid heuristic using the proposed stochastic model, a robust model is developed, which is solved by a hybrid heuristic algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation and Bender’s decomposition algorithms. To evaluate the convergence rate and solution quality, the method is applied to some random test instances generated in the literature. The computational results indicate that the proposed method is capable of efficiently solving the model.

Twelve Seed samples of wheat were examined in this studied that they were from Pishtaz and Chamran. All Seeds were elite category and the germination and Seed vigor tests include cold test, germination under low temperature, aging, electrical conductivity, Ttrazolium , speed of germination, mean germination time and Seedling length were studied. So, climate data from each region were collected and analyzed. Analysis of variance of germination in wheat germination test every 12 samples showed the difference in climate between different parts of a Seed affected Seed production was not affected. Based on the average percentage of Seed germination was between 98 to 100%. These measurements show the Seed germination test is general. They cannot produce elite Seeds of possible differences between the various states in the region to separate from each other. But the test results were pretreated Seeds germinate the Seeds with cold, zero degrees Celsius respectively. Dry wheat Seeds for the first time from zero to 25 hours 5 minutes. That they Seed were treated. The effect of Seed production area and cold periods and interaction effects had Pishtaz significant impact on results. Other results showed that the electrical conductivity between different regions of the wheat Seed production both for Seed locked and second, Pishtaz Seeds had significant differences were observed. So, that most of the Seeds that cause cell damage, the highest electrical conductivity of the electrolyte solution in the cell were for Chamran cultivar reproduced in Haji Abad was 890 micrsimense per cm, and for Pishtaz Seed in the Bakhtiari region was 680 microsimense per cm, respectively. Top Seed tissues for cell membrane stability in kohkiloye Boirahmad, Chamran cultivars were reproduced. This index for a Seed was observed in Arak. The proliferation of both varieties and certified Seed locked into place amplification showed a different response. These Seeds can cause changes in climate and weather of the year is the proliferation of these Seeds. So it can be stated that the influence of physiological parameters in different regions of the country can produce Seed on some characteristics of wheat Seed had a significant impact. So, only certain tests can be distinguished. These tips on choosing sustainable strategies for zoning and climatic zones of the country will affect the suitability of wheat Seed.

Seed germination is the begining of life cycle for many crops. Snitable methods of Seed selection and production have great effects on the yield. In this study, a field work was preceded hy a laboratory experiment in order to evaluate the Seed vigour in seven sorghum lines. The field experiment was a RCBD with three replications and was carried out in 1998, Karaj, Iran. Each experimental plot was 2.6x7m with four rows (65 cm between the rows). After Seedling emergence, the germination percentage was recorded. When the Seedlings were at 4-6 leaves thinning was done to reduce the space between them to 6cm in a row and other necessary practices were carried out on time until the Seeds were fully matured. Samples were taken from all the seven sorghum lines and in the laboratory, using RCBD design, standard Germination Test (G), Cold Test (CT), Accelerated Ageing Test (AA), Electrical Conductivity Test (EC) with four replications were implemented on the samples. The results indicated that the sorghum lines KFS1, KFS2 and KFS4 are significantly different in Seed vigours, percentage of field emergence and also the fresh and dry matter yields of forage.

Today, due to the importance of diseases controlled by vaccination, the production of biological products is of great importance in ensuring public health, so producing high-quality biological products plays an important role in maintaining public health. One of the most important principles of manufacturing high-quality and efficient biological products is using suitable Seeds based on standard principles. To produce a suitable Seed for continuous use for mass production of biological products, the Seed must be defined according to certain principles and foundations. These principles are formed in the form of a Seed lot system. In this review article, all the requirements for the establishment of a Seed to produce a biological product include general Seed information, including basic and Seed information and microorganisms, Seed-specific information including Seed passage levels, propagation method, Seed storage conditions, coding and labeling, identification information and design of suitable laboratories for passage, Seed propagation, and storage, determination of Seed characteristics including all necessary tests to determine Seed identity, purity, potency, efficacy, stability, safety and also all the necessary information for documenting and storing Seeds has been studied. Also, this study discusses the method of preparing all the necessary information for establishing a Seed lot system, especially determining the characteristics of Seeds. Based on the study's results, a complete and comprehensive Seed lot system has been formed that can be used to prepare, propagate, passage, and store Seeds used in the production of biological products.

The Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) method that is applied in production planning and management has some weaknesses. One of its weaknesses is that the time in MRP method is discrete, and is considered as time period. Hence we are not able to order our requirements at irregular time moments or periods. In this paper, a new form of MRP is introduced that is named Continuous Materials Requirements Planning (CMRP) approach. We discuss the disadvantages of Discrete MRP (DMRP) approach and analyze? the conditions, applications and the manner of applying CMRP approach in our problems.

In order to minimize the systemic infection in potato Seed tubers, annually more than 300 potato Seed lots are subjected to laboratory testing for potato viruses in the national potato Seed certification system. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and speed are of the most important criteria for a diagnostic method to be employed in Seed certification laboratory testing procedure. In this study the efficiency of using two methods including single sprout culture and RTPCR as an integrated diagnostic method was investigated for detecting Potato Virus Y in potato Seed samples. According to the present study, RT-PCR performance in Potato Virus Y detection was better than ELISA in terms of sensitivity, accuracy and time saving. RT-PCR successfully detected one infected sample in a combined sample consists of 50 individual samples while ELISA enabled to detect one infected sample in a much smaller combined sample consists of only five subsamples. Moreover because of ELISA retractions to detect low virus concentration and its false negative result, about six percent potato Seed lots were incorrectly determined basic Seeds instead of certified Seeds. Considering the maximum permissive virus infection percent in national potato Seed standards (4% for the lowest Seed class) and the maximum required subsamples to be tested (5 subsamples), using RT-PCR method in potato Seed certification is economically recommended.